Can my dog go on the beach?
Melbourne dog beach rules, summer 2026–27: 36 beach sections across 6 councils, plus 3 councils that only publish a map.
Updated · every rule checked against the council source on
The 10-second version
- Most Port Phillip Bay councils restrict dogs on beaches from 1 November to 31 March. Frankston starts 1 December; Hobsons Bay runs to 30 April.
- Typical summer pattern: dogs off the sand from about 10am to 7.30pm, allowed early and late. Each council differs.
- Year-round dog beaches include St Kilda West, Sandown Street (Brighton), Sandringham Harbour, Altona Dog Beach, Keast Park (Seaford) and The Narrows (Queenscliff).
Can my dog be on this beach right now?
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Melbourne's bayside councils each set their own dog rules for the beach, and most of them change on 1 November. The usual summer pattern is dogs off the sand from late morning to evening, with early-morning and evening sessions still open. A few beaches stay off-leash all year.
This page puts every council's summer rule in one place, beach by beach, with a link to the council's own page and the date we checked it. Pick a beach in the checker and it works out the answer for the current Melbourne date and time, including an approximate sunrise for "sunrise to 10am" rules. Or choose another date and time to plan ahead.
Signs on the beach always win. Councils can change orders, close sections for nesting birds, or move markers. Where a council doesn't publish a rule (for example winter hours on some Bayside beaches), the checker says Not stated instead of guessing.
Dog beaches open all year
- St Kilda West Dog Beach St Kilda West · City of Port Phillip
- Sandown Street Beach Brighton · Bayside City Council
- Sandringham Harbour Sandringham · Bayside City Council
- Ricketts Point (McGregor Ave to Beaumaris Yacht Club) Beaumaris · Bayside City Council
- Mentone Beach (Charman Rd to Plummer Rd) Mentone · City of Kingston
- Keast Park Dog Beach Seaford · Frankston City Council
- Altona Dog Beach Seaholme / Altona · Hobsons Bay City Council
- The Narrows Beach Queenscliff · Borough of Queenscliffe
“Open all year” means the council lists dogs as allowed off-leash there all year. Check local signs for closures, such as bird-nesting areas.
City of Port Phillip
Port Melbourne, Middle Park, St Kilda, Elwood
1 November to 31 March: dogs only in set places and times. 1 April to 31 October: dogs are allowed on the sand of all Port Phillip beaches (on and off leash).
Sandridge Beach (dog section)
Port Melbourne · Between the rock groyne opposite Barak Road and the rock groyne opposite Cumberland Road
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- Off-leash all day
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results); City of Port Phillip: Foreshore dog regulations map (Sep 2025) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results); City of Port Phillip: Pets factsheet (Feb 2025) (council, seen in search results)
Sandridge Beach (rest of beach)
Port Melbourne · Anywhere outside the Barak Rd–Cumberland Rd section
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- No dogs at any time
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results); City of Port Phillip: Pets factsheet (Feb 2025) (council, seen in search results)
Port Melbourne Beach (Yacht Club to Lagoon Pier)
Port Melbourne · Between Port Melbourne Yacht Club and Lagoon Pier
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- Off-leash all day
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results); City of Port Phillip: Foreshore dog regulations map (Sep 2025) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results); City of Port Phillip: Pets factsheet (Feb 2025) (council, seen in search results)
Port Melbourne Beach (Yacht Club to Station Pier)
Port Melbourne · Between Port Melbourne Yacht Club and Station Pier
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- Off-leash 7.30pm–10am; no dogs at other times
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results); City of Port Phillip: Foreshore dog regulations map (Sep 2025) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results); City of Port Phillip: Pets factsheet (Feb 2025) (council, seen in search results)
Middle Park Beach
Middle Park · Between Kerferd Road Pier and Langridge Street (no dogs elsewhere in summer)
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- Off-leash 7.30pm–10am; no dogs at other times
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results); City of Port Phillip: Foreshore dog regulations map (Sep 2025) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results); City of Port Phillip: Pets factsheet (Feb 2025) (council, seen in search results)
St Kilda West Dog Beach
St Kilda West · Year-round dog beach (keep off the dune area)
- All year
- Off-leash
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results); City of Port Phillip: Foreshore dog regulations map (Sep 2025) (council, seen in search results)
St Kilda Beach (dog sections)
St Kilda · Pier Road (north-west end) to the drainage channel / St Kilda Pier, and Brookes Jetty to the northern end of the St Kilda Marina car park
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- Off-leash all day
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results); City of Port Phillip: Foreshore dog regulations map (Sep 2025) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results); City of Port Phillip: Pets factsheet (Feb 2025) (council, seen in search results)
St Kilda Beach (rest of beach)
St Kilda · Anywhere outside the two dog sections
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- No dogs at any time
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results); City of Port Phillip: Pets factsheet (Feb 2025) (council, seen in search results)
Elwood Beach (dog section)
Elwood · Between the rock groyne south of Point Ormond and the groyne in front of Elwood Angling Club (no dogs elsewhere in summer)
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- Off-leash 7.30pm–10am; no dogs at other times
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results); City of Port Phillip: Foreshore dog regulations map (Sep 2025) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results); City of Port Phillip: Pets factsheet (Feb 2025) (council, seen in search results)
- Dogs must be on leash on beach paths and boardwalks, and put back on leash before leaving the sand.
- Greyhounds must stay on leash even in off-leash areas.
- South Melbourne Beach is a no-dog zone in summer (council map, Sep 2025).
Bayside City Council
Brighton, Hampton, Sandringham, Black Rock, Beaumaris
1 November to 31 March: off-leash hours limited to early morning and evening, and some sections are dog-free in the middle of the day. Hampton Beach is dog-free all summer. From 1 April to 31 October there is more off-leash access; the council points to its interactive map for details.
Sandown Street Beach
Brighton · All-day off-leash beach
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- Off-leash all day
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: Bayside City Council: Statement on off-leash dog restrictions (updated 20 Aug 2025: current rules stay) (council, seen in search results)
Sandringham Harbour
Sandringham · All-day off-leash beach
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- Off-leash all day
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: Bayside City Council: Statement on off-leash dog restrictions (updated 20 Aug 2025: current rules stay) (council, seen in search results)
Ricketts Point (McGregor Ave to Beaumaris Yacht Club)
Beaumaris · All-day off-leash section
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- Off-leash all day
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council); Bayside City Council: Statement on off-leash dog restrictions (updated 20 Aug 2025: current rules stay) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: Bayside City Council: Statement on off-leash dog restrictions (updated 20 Aug 2025: current rules stay) (council, seen in search results)
Middle Brighton Beach
Brighton
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- No dogs 10am–7.30pm; off-leash at other times
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council); Bayside City Council: Summer beach restrictions for dogs (31 Oct 2025) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Not stated by the council: check the signs
Dendy Beach
Brighton
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- Off-leash sunrise–10am; no dogs 10am–7.30pm; on leash 7.30pm–sunrise
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council); Bayside City Council: Summer beach restrictions for dogs (31 Oct 2025) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: Find a Dog Park: Dendy Beach (directory, not the council, seen in search results)
Holloway Bend Beach
Brighton
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- No dogs 10am–7.30pm; off-leash at other times
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council); Bayside City Council: Summer beach restrictions for dogs (31 Oct 2025) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Not stated by the council: check the signs
Brighton Beach
Brighton
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- No dogs 10am–7.30pm; off-leash at other times
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council); Bayside City Council: Summer beach restrictions for dogs (31 Oct 2025) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: Find a Dog Park: Brighton Beach (directory, not the council, seen in search results)
Hampton Beach
Hampton
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- No dogs at any time
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council); Bayside City Council: Statement on off-leash dog restrictions (updated 20 Aug 2025: current rules stay) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Not stated by the council: check the signs
Sandringham Beach (Life Saving Club)
Sandringham
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- Off-leash sunrise–10am; no dogs 10am–7.30pm; on leash 7.30pm–sunrise
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council); Bayside City Council: Summer beach restrictions for dogs (31 Oct 2025) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Not stated by the council: check the signs
Sandringham Beach
Sandringham
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- No dogs 10am–7.30pm; off-leash at other times
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council); Bayside City Council: Summer beach restrictions for dogs (31 Oct 2025) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: Find a Dog Park: Sandringham Beach (directory, not the council, seen in search results)
Edward Street Beach
Sandringham
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- No dogs 10am–7.30pm; off-leash at other times
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council); Bayside City Council: Summer beach restrictions for dogs (31 Oct 2025) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Not stated by the council: check the signs
Half Moon Bay
Black Rock
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- No dogs 10am–7.30pm; on leash 7.30pm–sunrise; other times not stated
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council); Bayside City Council: Summer beach restrictions for dogs (31 Oct 2025) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Not stated by the council: check the signs
Black Rock Beach
Black Rock
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- No dogs 10am–7.30pm; off-leash at other times
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council); Bayside City Council: Summer beach restrictions for dogs (31 Oct 2025) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Not stated by the council: check the signs
Note: Council page says “after 7.30am”; its dog-free hours suggest 7.30pm.
Ricketts Point (Fourth St to McGregor Ave)
Beaumaris
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- No dogs 10am–7.30pm; on leash at other times
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council); Bayside City Council: Statement on off-leash dog restrictions (updated 20 Aug 2025: current rules stay) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- On leash at all times
Source: Bayside City Council: Statement on off-leash dog restrictions (updated 20 Aug 2025: current rules stay) (council, seen in search results)
Ricketts Point (Yacht Club to Life Saving Club)
Beaumaris
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- No dogs 10am–7.30pm; on leash at other times
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council); Bayside City Council: Statement on off-leash dog restrictions (updated 20 Aug 2025: current rules stay) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- On leash at all times
Source: Bayside City Council: Statement on off-leash dog restrictions (updated 20 Aug 2025: current rules stay) (council, seen in search results)
Ricketts Point (Beaumaris LSC to Dalgetty Rd)
Beaumaris
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- No dogs 10am–7.30pm; off-leash at other times
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council); Bayside City Council: Statement on off-leash dog restrictions (updated 20 Aug 2025: current rules stay) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: Bayside City Council: Statement on off-leash dog restrictions (updated 20 Aug 2025: current rules stay) (council, seen in search results)
Note: Council page says “after 7.30am”; its dog-free hours suggest 7.30pm.
Ricketts Point (Dalgetty Rd to Sea Scouts boat ramp)
Beaumaris
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- No dogs 10am–7.30pm; on leash at other times
Source: Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council); Bayside City Council: Statement on off-leash dog restrictions (updated 20 Aug 2025: current rules stay) (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- On leash at all times
Source: Bayside City Council: Statement on off-leash dog restrictions (updated 20 Aug 2025: current rules stay) (council, seen in search results)
- Winter rules below come from a dog-park directory where the council page doesn't list them, and are labelled that way.
- Two Bayside council pages say “after 7.30am” for Black Rock Beach and the Beaumaris LSC–Dalgetty Road section. Their dog-free hours (10am to 7.30pm) suggest 7.30pm is meant. Check the signs.
- Dogs are prohibited from the intertidal rock platforms and seagrass beds of Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary.
City of Kingston
Mentone, Parkdale, Mordialloc, Aspendale, Edithvale, Chelsea, Bonbeach, Carrum
Summer regulations 1 November to 31 March; winter regulations 1 April to 31 October.
Mentone Beach (Charman Rd to Plummer Rd)
Mentone · 24-hour off-leash area, sand only
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- Off-leash all day
Source: City of Kingston: Foreshore dog regulations, 1 Nov–31 Mar (map) (council); Bayside News: Rules restrict off-leash dogs (7 Nov 2024) (news report, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Off-leash
Source: Bayside News: Rules restrict off-leash dogs (7 Nov 2024) (news report, seen in search results)
Kingston foreshore beaches (Mentone to Carrum)
Mentone, Parkdale, Mordialloc, Aspendale, Edithvale, Chelsea, Bonbeach, Carrum · All Kingston beaches except the Mentone 24-hour area and the Mordialloc No Dog Zone
- 1 Nov – 31 Mar
- Off-leash sunrise–10am; no dogs 10am–7.30pm; on leash 7.30pm–sunrise
Source: City of Kingston: Foreshore dog regulations, 1 Nov–31 Mar (map) (council); Bayside News: Rules restrict off-leash dogs (7 Nov 2024) (news report, seen in search results) - 1 Apr – 31 Oct
- On leash 11am–3pm; off-leash at other times
Source: Bayside News: Rules restrict off-leash dogs (7 Nov 2024) (news report, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- Not stated by the council: check the signs
Mordialloc No Dog Zone
Mordialloc · Mordialloc Creek to the end of Bay Street (dogs allowed on the Beach Road path)
- All year
- No dogs
Source: City of Kingston: Dog ownership (foreshore access, No Dog Zone) (council); City of Kingston: Foreshore dog regulations, 1 Nov–31 Mar (map) (council)
- Off-leash on sand only. Dogs must be on leash on Beach Road paths and before reaching an off-leash area.
- Winter hours below come from a local news report of the council rules (Bayside News, Nov 2024).
Frankston City Council
Seaford, Frankston
Summer beach restrictions run 1 December to 31 March (not from 1 November). Outside the restricted hours, and the rest of the year, dogs must be on a lead except in designated free-roam areas.
Keast Park Dog Beach
Seaford · About 200 m of free-roam sand at Keast Park, Seaford
- All year
- Off-leash
Source: Frankston City Council: Free roam, on leash and prohibited areas for pets (council); Frankston City Council: A safer summer in Frankston (council, seen in search results)
Frankston and Seaford beaches (other than Keast Park)
Frankston, Seaford
- 1 Dec – 31 Mar
- No dogs 9.30am–7.30pm; on leash at other times
Source: Frankston City Council: Free roam, on leash and prohibited areas for pets (council); Frankston City Council: A safer summer in Frankston (council, seen in search results) - Rest of the year
- On leash at all times
Source: Frankston City Council: Free roam, on leash and prohibited areas for pets (council)
- Greyhounds are not permitted off lead, even in council off-leash areas.
- Keast Park borders Kingston; the two councils' rules differ.
Hobsons Bay City Council
Williamstown, Altona
Williamstown and Altona beaches: no dogs 10am to 9.30pm, 1 November to 30 April, every day. At all other times dogs must be on a leash.
Altona Dog Beach
Seaholme / Altona · Next to PA Burns Reserve, north of the Altona Sports Club
- All year
- Off-leash
Source: Visit Hobsons Bay: Altona Beach and Altona Dog Beach (council, seen in search results)
Williamstown Beach
Williamstown · Between the Life Saving Club and Sebastian Beach Grill & Bar
- 1 Nov – 30 Apr
- No dogs 10am–9.30pm; on leash at other times
Source: Hobsons Bay City Council: Dog off-leash locations (incl. Dogs on beaches) (council) - Rest of the year
- On leash at all times
Source: Hobsons Bay City Council: Dog off-leash locations (incl. Dogs on beaches) (council)
Altona Beach
Altona · Between Romawi and Mount Streets
- 1 Nov – 30 Apr
- No dogs 10am–9.30pm; on leash at other times
Source: Hobsons Bay City Council: Dog off-leash locations (incl. Dogs on beaches) (council) - Rest of the year
- On leash at all times
Source: Hobsons Bay City Council: Dog off-leash locations (incl. Dogs on beaches) (council)
- Other than the council's listed off-leash areas, dogs must be on leash everywhere in Hobsons Bay.
Borough of Queenscliffe
Queenscliff, Point Lonsdale (Bellarine)
1 December to the last day of February, 9am to 8pm: no dogs on any beach except The Narrows. Dogs must be on a leash everywhere else in the borough at all times.
The Narrows Beach
Queenscliff · From the end of the boardwalk east to the end of Fraser Street
- All year
- Off-leash
Source: Borough of Queenscliffe: Dog friendly areas (council)
Other Queenscliff and Point Lonsdale beaches
Queenscliff, Point Lonsdale
- 1 Dec – 29 Feb
- No dogs 9am–8pm; on leash at other times
Source: Borough of Queenscliffe: Dog friendly areas (council) - Rest of the year
- On leash at all times
Source: Borough of Queenscliffe: Dog friendly areas (council)
- Dogs are prohibited from fenced dunes and coastal vegetation, and must not disturb nesting hooded plovers or resting seals.
Councils that publish only a map
These councils show beach rules on an interactive map, not as a list. We don't copy rules we can't read reliably, so they're not in the checker.
City of Greater Geelong (incl. most of the Bellarine)
On-leash everywhere unless signed. Beaches have off-leash areas, “timeshare zones” whose rules change by time of day or season, and dog-free areas. The details are only on the council's interactive dog-walking map.
- City of Greater Geelong: Dogs in public places (updated 16 Jul 2026) (council; checked 22 October 2026)
- Bellarine Bayside: Dog walking regulations (Northern Bellarine Dog Orders) (council; checked 22 October 2026)
Mornington Peninsula Shire
Bay and Western Port beaches have different controls beach by beach, shown on the Shire's interactive map. The Bass Strait coast from Flinders to Portsea (Mornington Peninsula and Point Nepean National Parks) is dog-prohibited all year.
- Mornington Peninsula Shire: Dogs on the Peninsula (council; checked 22 October 2026)
Wyndham City Council
Off-leash dog areas are listed on the council's map; its page doesn't list beach times. A dog-park directory reports off-leash sections at Werribee South (East Beach, about 150 m between O'Connors Rd and Duncans Rd) and Campbells Cove. Treat these as unconfirmed.
- Wyndham City: Off-leash areas for your dog (council; checked 22 October 2026)
- Find a Dog Park: Werribee South Foreshore (reported) (directory, not the council; checked 22 October 2026)
Signs on the beach always win. Councils can change orders, close sections for nesting birds or works, and move zone markers. Times here are Melbourne local time; “sunrise” is the actual sunrise, which the checker estimates.
All sources
- City of Port Phillip: Dog parks and beaches (council, seen in search results; checked 22 October 2026)
- City of Port Phillip: Foreshore dog regulations map (Sep 2025) (council, seen in search results; checked 22 October 2026)
- City of Port Phillip: Pets factsheet (Feb 2025) (council, seen in search results; checked 22 October 2026)
- Bayside City Council: Dog-friendly or dog-free, which beach is right for you? (council; checked 22 October 2026)
- Bayside City Council: Summer beach restrictions for dogs (31 Oct 2025) (council, seen in search results; checked 22 October 2026)
- Bayside City Council: Statement on off-leash dog restrictions (updated 20 Aug 2025: current rules stay) (council, seen in search results; checked 22 October 2026)
- Bayside City Council: Winter dog restrictions from 1 April (1 Apr 2026) (council, seen in search results; checked 22 October 2026)
- Find a Dog Park: Brighton Beach (directory, seen in search results; checked 22 October 2026)
- Find a Dog Park: Dendy Beach (directory, seen in search results; checked 22 October 2026)
- Find a Dog Park: Sandringham Beach (directory, seen in search results; checked 22 October 2026)
- City of Kingston: Dog ownership (foreshore access, No Dog Zone) (council; checked 22 October 2026)
- City of Kingston: Foreshore dog regulations, 1 Nov–31 Mar (map) (council; checked 22 October 2026)
- Bayside News: Rules restrict off-leash dogs (7 Nov 2024) (published guide, seen in search results; checked 22 October 2026)
- Frankston City Council: Free roam, on leash and prohibited areas for pets (council; checked 22 October 2026)
- Frankston City Council: A safer summer in Frankston (council, seen in search results; checked 22 October 2026)
- Hobsons Bay City Council: Dog off-leash locations (incl. Dogs on beaches) (council; checked 22 October 2026)
- Visit Hobsons Bay: Altona Beach and Altona Dog Beach (council, seen in search results; checked 22 October 2026)
- Borough of Queenscliffe: Dog friendly areas (council; checked 22 October 2026)
- City of Greater Geelong: Dogs in public places (updated 16 Jul 2026) (council; checked 22 October 2026)
- Bellarine Bayside: Dog walking regulations (Northern Bellarine Dog Orders) (council; checked 22 October 2026)
- Mornington Peninsula Shire: Dogs on the Peninsula (council; checked 22 October 2026)
- Wyndham City: Off-leash areas for your dog (council; checked 22 October 2026)
- Find a Dog Park: Werribee South Foreshore (reported) (directory, seen in search results; checked 22 October 2026)
18 of 23 sources are council pages or council documents. Others are labelled.